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Here's another in my series of paintings of Acadia National Park. One of the unique features in the park is the carriage roads built by John D. Rockefeller. The stone bridges are a charming focal point of the roads. This one is at the northern end of Bubble Pond.
Value, color and overlapping planes help achieve the feeling of depth in this painting. The distant trees are light and cool, forming a shape with very little texture. The nearer trees are well defined and darker silhouettes. The bridge is overlapped by the birch tree in the foreground.
The pinkish tones of the bridge and the road contrast with the cooler tones of the woods, pushing the structure forward.
The shadows across the road keep your eyes on the area under and beyond the bridge. And of course, looking past or through something always helps to create a feeling of depth.
In this depiction of shoreline flotsam and jetsam, the focal point is the driftwood and small tidal pool. I decided to use line, color and values to lead the eye to that area.
Examine the lines first. The small foreground rocks, the seaweed, and the shadows all lead to the driftwood. The warm color in the seaweed, as well as its darker value, also draw attention to the log and the little pool of water. The values in the distant rocks serve to emphasize the big flat light rock. The foreground shadow in the lower right hand corner helps direct the eye to the lighter area of the beach.
Design with purpose!
In this painting of a lake in Acadia National Park, the fall colors are an obvious subject. However the scene becomes a compositional challenge which I solved through the use of line, specifically the obliques.
Study the lines that point and link areas. The birch tree trunk acts as a stop sign (see previous entry).
Sometimes we inadvertently include lines that point off the painting surface. Our eyes need a stop sign to keep them from wandering over to the edge of the page.
In this painting of Otter Cliffs in Acadia National Park, I wanted the emphasis to be on the breaking surf and the flat rocks catching the light. On the left the vertical rock formation stops the eye as does the foliage. On the right the tree is the stop sign. Also to keep them from forming a "goal post" look, I angled one of them inward toward the center of interest.
When I have time, I like to do value sketches. That gives me a road map for what I need to paint first, second and third. Here are some value studies from my trip to Acadia National Park.
Warm colors advance, cool colors recede. The rocks in this painting reflect that time-honored maxim.
The first wash was very simple in shape. The second wash defined the rocks. Still, the underpainting defined the warm foreground and the cool background shapes. I mixed the colors on the page rather than on my palette.
Also, there were contrasts in the verticals and horizontals.
This coming weekend I'll be in Acadia National Park painting these very rocks! I can't wait!
"The Sunken Garden"
Of all the colors on a watercolorist's palette, it seems that greens give us the most trouble. Oftentimes, I see my students produce repetitious greens that are dull and lack life.
Many times I will begin foliage with a wash of yellow. That will be the base light wash. On top of this you can place blues (because blue and yellow make green), mixed greens, warm greens, and violets.
It also helps to find ways to gradate the foliage from light to midtones to darks. Study the upper right hand corner of this painting and you'll see what I mean.
If you are balancing two masses of greens, it is helpful to make one side dark and the other lighter; make one side warm and the other cool; and one side larger in shape than the other.
And don't forget that the complement of green is red. The pinkish tone of the brick sidewalk provides a perfect foil for all that green.
The Clark Cottage
A straight, unbroken line is boring. I look for ways to interrupt the line to provide variety and create a shape that interlocks with its surroundings.
For example, look at the top and bottom of the tree shape. The top line is broken by popping up some trees and varying the intervals between them. If it were a straight line, it would also create a sky shape that is a triangle.
The bottom of the treeline is broken by the houses which also avoid forming a straight line.
The houses themselves break both at the top and especially at the bottom where the largest cottage protrudes from the rest.
Also study the rocks and you'll see that I broke lines there also.
"Leading the Parade"
For the past few months, I've been concentrating on the first stage of the painting process. Wet-into-wet in the first stage provides a contrast to the hard edges to come in the second stage. When soft, wet-into wet areas predominate, the hard edges stand out in contrast, providing a focal area. You can also use brush stroke directions in the wet-into-wet areas to indicate movement. In this painting of a tug boat leading the windjammers into the harbor, the brush strokes are mimicking the obliques of the sails. The water is also gradated with the wet-into-wet technique. Some of the sails are described with hard edges while others are 'lost' in soft edges.
I used to use a large brush to achieve the wet-into-wet technique, but now I use a small natural sponge to pre-wet the paper. The paint seems to soak in better once the sponge removes the sizing on the paper. The second stage must be applied when the paper is completely dry to accomplish the hard edges.
Rocks at Grimes Cove
To get the feel of sunlight, you have to paint the shadows. In this painting of the rocks at Grimes Cove on Ocean Point, I started with an underpainting that described the basic shapes of the rocks while varying the colors from orange to blue, contrasting and complementary colors. On the second pass, I placed emphasis on the contrasting values. The shadow sides of the rocks and their cast shadows contrast with the lighter tones on the beach. The dark reflections in the water also contrast with the light, sunny area of the beach.
This scene never gets old because I love the challenge of using it to explore different goals.
Yesterday I found a photo I took during my trip to Jackson, New Hampshire that I thought I would paint. The unrelieved area of trees, however, made more of a static, rectangular shape. Since the stream is in the White Mountains, I decided to leave a portion in the upper left to help identify the location.
I also moved the rock that was in front of the fly fisherman.
Here is the photo and the painting.
Barrett's Park
In this painting done in my workshop last week, the subject is the red canoe. Leading the eye towards the craft was the challenge.
First, I chose to make the canoe red, a color that always draws attention. More important, I had several elements that pointed to the canoe: the treeline, the wall, the shoreline, the clumps of seaweed left at the high tide line. Looking over something is another way to frame a composition so that the viewer's eye will be directed to the focal point.
I know this spot well, but didn't paint it on-site due to a rainy day. I felt free to devise strategies that would frame and point to the canoe. So, don't always depict what's there.....Use your compositional skills to subtly lead the eye to where you want it to go.
"Knickercane Island"
A landscape painter should be fairly well versed in how to paint trees.
Learn how to overlap simple washes to create a feeling of depth in background foliage masses.
Silhouette nearer trees.
Highlight foreground trees with color, size and texture.
Study other landscape painters you admire to see how they render trees.
My annual Maine workshop is over. We had a great day yesterday at Knickercane Island painting....what else? Trees!
This is my annual workshop week here in Boothbay Harbor. The weather hasn't been very cooperative, so we've been painting in the studio. One of my students brought some photos she had taken of rowboats. I was particularly drawn to one with a dark cast shadow on the beach. Since I had just given a lecture about clearly stating dark values, I chose to paint that rowboat. But, I invented the rest of the scene: the bottom of a fish shack, rocks, the two buoys, and the schooner out in the bay.
After years of painting the Maine coast, I have a repertoire of items that I can draw upon to add to a scene that needs a little jazzing up for compositional reasons. Keeping a sketchbook to record objects and lighting effects has helped. Practice your drawing!
This past weekend I was invited to be part of an outdoor exhibit at the home of friend and fellow artist Jan Kilburn. Before I left home, I decided that I would paint the barn across the road from Jan's house and gallery, but I needed some chickens in the foreground so I sketched a few from photos.
However, once I arrived at Jan's to begin the paint-out, I spotted a red wheel barrow, and it immediately brought to mind a poem I learned my senior year of high school:
So much depends
upon
a red wheel
barrow
glazed with rain
water
beside the white
chickens.
----- William Carlos Williams
So, I painted a poem!
Every year, I anticipate the special light of August here in Maine. The shadows lengthen and seem to deepen. I begin to see familiar scenes I hadn't noticed before because of the way the shadows fall on and around them. For instance, this scene is one I see every day when I go to the East Boothbay Post Office to pick up my mail. But the day I went to Popham Beach, I saw it in the early morning light with the shadows falling on the white houses. I quickly snapped a photo before my long drive south.
I've said it before and often: Sunlight is best defined by the darks. Be bold in the first wash. Don't be fooled by the white of the paper into thinking it will be too dark; you can always go darker in the next washes.
1. The Sky: I wetted the surface of the paper thoroughly with a natural sponge. That kept the area
wet longer. I painted the clouds and their shadows first, then cut around them with a variety of blues.
2. The Beach: In both the sandy part of the beach and the grasses bordering it, I went from rough textures to smooth. The only detailed grasses are in the foreground; then
individual clusters of grass, and out by the buildings, the grass was one big shape. As I painted the grass, I was constantly switching from warm to cool, wet in wet.
3. The Buildings: I left the white paper on the sunlit side of the buildings. Study the shapes there, and you'll see that there are a variety of shapes: triangles, rectangles, and a backwards "L" shape. I also left a bit of untouched white paper on the beach to help it relate to the buildings.
Popham Beach is a great place to visit even if you are not a painter.
"Popham Beach" 15" X 22"
Capturing the feeling of sunlight is sometimes difficult, mostly because of our fear of committing to dark values. It is the contrast between these light and dark values that is the best way to convey sunlight.
In this painting of some buildings in Popham Beach, Maine, the cast shadows on the roof and from the building on the left explain the direction of the light. The cast shadows on the road also create a shape of light values that begins on the side of the building and then flows down to the roadway. Squint your eyes and you will see that the light shape is an interesting pattern that interweaves with the dark values of the shadow areas. It is this contrast that is central to creating the feeling of sunlight.
While having breakfast early this morning, I looked up and saw the long dark shadows crossing my backyard lawn with the light in the cove beyond. This is the view I see every morning, but now that August light has arrived, it seems much more crisp and dramatic. I got out my sketchbook and quickly mapped out the values. Then I did the line drawing, and after lunch, it was off to the races!
Learning to see in values takes practice. That's why the value sketch is so important; it helps you to see how to compose the scene with values first and color second.
I took great joy in sketching this scene this morning, as well as looking with joy at the light falling on the foliage. This scene is so familiar that I could have dismissed it as too familiar. Paint what you love!
Many times I arrive at a location that I know well, and may have preconceived notions about what I will paint and how I will paint it. But other times, as I told my students yesterday, I will wait a bit and see what happens or what shows up before deciding what the real subject in the scene will be.
At this location a couple of years ago, it was a woman walking her dog when a flock of geese flew by overhead. Yesterday, I was setting up to give my students a lesson when who comes wandering by but Carlton Plummer who lives just up the road and around the corner from my summer cottage. Carlton set up his easel on the rocky beach and began to paint, so at that moment I decided that I should paint him into the scene.
Figures often animate a landscape that would otherwise be rather lifeless and bland. Don't rule them out as an intrusion into the beauty of nature; rather include them as an element that gives scale and interest to the locale.
In the last entry, I posted two sketches of my cove. Here is the painting I created using one of them.
The value sketch is the place to figure out where your light, midtone, and dark areas will be. It makes decisions easier about what to paint first, (light areas), second, (midtones) and last (dark areas and accent details.) Don't confuse a value sketch with a drawing. Drawings focus mainly on lines, not shapes of lights, midtones and darks.
Value Sketch
Line Drawing
My summer cottage is at the end of a long cove. There is a working dock across the way, and some of the debris from the fisherman's gear has washed up on the bank across the road. An old rowboat has been washed over for a couple of years. The remnants of a collapsed dock has also been rearranged by the rising and falling tides. Old pine trees hang over the cove, casting their shadows and dropping the occasional branch on the mud flat. An old bucket is half submerged in the mud. This may look like trash to some, but to me, it is part of the charm of Maine.
I took the various elements and placed them where I thought they would enhance a composition. Here are the first two value studies in a series I'll call "Flotsam and Jetsam". Paintings to follow.....
22" X 30" - "Quiet Cove"
Once again the problem of being bold with dark values came into play. I put down the wet-into-wet areas, then came forward with the light background trees, then the darker tree silhouettes, and finally the major trees in the foreground. The shaded sides of the two trees on the left required a dark value on the left side and some cast shadows of different colors falling on the main trunks. The values in the reflection also demanded some darks. The problem is that some students are a bit timid about the darks, and again, don't have enough paint to create them.
The clue is to place the midtones first so that the darks won't be so jarring. Look at the highlighted part of the water and then look at the gradual approach to that area. Putting down a dark value in a very light area is always scary because the contrast is too extreme. Leading into a highlighted area by laying down a midtone gives you a chance to gradate to the highlight.
Also, with reflections; be careful not to make a straight line mirror image of the object casting the reflection. No matter how calm the water, there is still going to be some wiggle to the reflection.
A quick reminder: My annual Maine workshop will be held from August 24th - 28th. Tuition is still $400 for the full week. Some openings for the first three days remain. For a supply list or more information, email me at caroljessen@yahoo.com
Wilson Chapel at Ocean Point
I have painted this chapel on Ocean Point numerous times, and always reported the fact that it was next to a large summer cottage. I took great care to draw the complicated angles of the house next door. The structure of the chapel was fairly easy to depict. The problem, then, was always that the cottage began to assume the same importance as the chapel.
This time I decided to take my own advice and eliminate the cottage. I also moved the foreground pine tree a bit closer to the entrance for compositional reasons.
So let me reiterate: Be willing to move or even eliminate anything that complicates the scene.
"Glen Cove"
I have a friend who laughingly commented that it's against the law to remove vegetation within 100 feet of the shoreline. In this scene, painted from my dock here in Maine, I love the key tree, the rocks and their reflections. In truth, there are a lot more trees and deep, dark woods, but I wanted the sense of looking through them to the sunlit grass on the far side. I felt free to alter the scene slightly to emphasize the stars of the scene.
This is also a good example of simplifying the shapes of a large mass of trees in the background and the long blades of grass in the foreground. Many students feel compelled to represent every leaf and blade with dots and stripes. The shape is more important than the distraction of texture.
So subtract (and add) when it comes in aid of your composition.
Most students are really afraid to commit to a dark shape and value. The first problem seems to be that they don't have enough paint on their palette to mix a strong dark and then put it down with authority. The second problem is that they isolate the darks against values that are too much of a contrast. The key here is to use gradation, gradually going from light to a midtone to the darkest value.
Study the reflections in this painting. The reflections of the tree shape on the shore go from dark to midtone to the reflection of the sun which is the lightest and the most colorful part of the composition. The ripples on the right hand side of the foreground have two shades of midtones leading up to the dark reflection of the boat.
So get some paint on your palette, mix up two complementary colors and have a fairly good sized puddle, and then strike in those darks with confidence!
Last night I woke up several times thinking about, even dreaming about the value sketch I did yesterday in preparation for today's painting of the Allagash Waterway. I decided that the majority of the painting should be completed in subtle shades of warm and cool grays; and that the gradation in the water should gradually approach the highlighted whites of the water, both in the falls and below the falls.
The most bold decision came from deciding that the canoe and the figure needed some color. I borrowed a page out of Winslow Homer's whitewater watercolors and chose to paint the canoe red. If any watercolorist paints a canoe scene or a sailboat, it is going to call forth the image of many a Homer painting of those two subjects.
Still, the composition is mine. The canoe points toward the waterfall and the figure in the canoe also employs body facing to highlight the falls. So both placement and color emphasize the two major elements in the painting: the falls and the canoeist.
Again, study my value sketch to analyze the compositional planning that went into this painting.
I'm still a strong believer in doing value studies to design the composition. In this sketch, the waterfall is set off by the darker rocks, and the canoe and canoeist break the line where waterfall meets flat water.
Now that the values are set, I'm going to give myself some time to think about the colors. Planning makes all the difference.
The morning was frustrating at first. I drove over to Southport Island to paint at the boatyard. It was a beautiful sunny day, and I was eager to paint. But from the start, I had trouble drawing the boats. Then there was a treeline behind the boats which was, of course, a dark green which I thought I could play up as a value contrast.
The boats got worse when I started to paint, and the trees were a dark mess. The shadows further frustrated me. So I did what I sometimes do when I'm that frustrated: I flipped the paper over and painted with much more abandon.
I had learned something about the shapes of the boats, and drew them quickly. I decided to use the storage buildings behind me rather than those yucky green trees. I also chose a more violet color for the shadows. I strayed from the colors of the actual boats so that I could use the complementary colors of blue and orange.
In other words, I was no longer a slave to the scene in front of me. I could also paint more quickly in order to keep the washes fresh.
Lesson: If you are frustrated with your first attempt, try, try again!
A sailboat sails on by you, and the clouds float away. What's an artist to do? My answer is always, Memorize it.
The sailboat went by and I looked at it carefully and decided which details to include and which to ignore. I liked the billowing sails and their reflection in the water.
The clouds were actually behind me, so I kept turning around to observe them. I wet the entire area with my natural sponge, and then sailed in with some lamp black and ultramarine blue. The far shore was just a shape that I created with gray and a touch of titanium white while it was all still wet. The island silhouetted trees were the same colors, but I just used more paint to create deeper values.
The trick is, I've found, is to go with your strongest attraction in a scene. Then simplify everything else, eliminating any details that call your attention away from your chosen subject. And paint fast!
In this painting of the Bay Lady, a little Friendship sloop whose home port is Boothbay Harbor, I decided two things: first, that the dozens of buildings on the far shore weren't important and therefore should not be rendered precisely or at all; and second, to make the focal point stand out, the background color should be muted while the little sloop retained some color.
While painting, once your eye wanders away from the focal point, the temptation is to include all sorts of irrelevant details. Think of ways to tone down or eliminate those distractions. Graying them and only suggesting them with a silhouetted shape are two ways to keep the attention on the focal point.
This is Windjammer Week in BBH, so I'm sure you'll be seeing more boats very soon! And if you'd like to paint these scenes in person, sign up for my workshop in August!
This is the Boothbay Harbor Memorial Library, right in the center of town. Today the Plein Air Painters of Maine painted on the library lawn.
The problems presenting themselves in this painting were several. I arrived early to get the right light and shadows. I also had to eliminate a tree and add some people to give the scene some life.
When I was about halfway finished, tourists started coming by and photographing my painting. Then, a young black couple arrived in their wedding garb with a minister and two official witnesses to preside over the ceremony. I was so close that I felt like a bride's maid!
Technical problems again presented themselves. Perspective, big shapes, color, and the addition of people were decisions I made before the brush hit the paper. And being right in the center of tourist country, you have to deal with people who want to connect with the artist. Sometimes I feel like I'm a representative for the Chamber of Commerce!
But get out there and take a chance. Painting on the spot will only sharpen your drawing and painting skills. Never mind the curious bystanders. Most people are impressed that you're willing to put yourself out there, and they know they can't do what you're attempting to do. Have fun!
After an absence of 8 months, I get nostalgic about the sights and sounds of Maine. The little village of East Boothbay consists of a couple of boatyards, a restaurant that hangs out over the water, the post office in an old gray shingled structure at the bottom of the hill, and a general store and the Methodist Church at the top of the hill.
Since it was Sunday, and the post office was closed, I could park my car in front where I had a good view of the hill leading up to the church which presides over the small hamlet. The road crosses a reversible falls which flows in and out of Mill Pond at high and low tide. (I think I'll save that for next Sunday!) The sounds of the seagulls and the gushing water tugged at my heart, and I spent a happy two hours painting the familiar sight that I see every day.
Getting the perspective right was the major problem in this painting. The horizon level was very low, about at the point where the road begins to rise. Everything above the horizon line slants downward.
As usual I painted a light wash as the underpainting. You can see the first especially on the road, but also realize that the trees had a first layer of yellow green which I built upon in the next glazes.
The red foundation of the old church conveniently provided the complement to all the green foliage, and helps the viewer focus on the church. The shadows across the road keep it from getting too uniform. I even made up a shadow at the bottom of the paper to keep the composition from running off the page. (More on the use of shadows in compositions at a later time!)
Paint, write, sculpt what you know and love.
"Anderson's Poppies"
Many of my novice watercolor students ask me, "Carol, how do you know what to do first?" Or "How do you know what to do next?"
Over the years, I've developed a checklist. At first I literally wrote it out. Then at the end of the day in my own little private critique, I would go through the list and see if I had paid attention to the elements and principles that are the building blocks of painting.
1. Always start with clear values and shapes. Have at least three values plus your white paper.
A value study is most important. Plan the large shapes; skip the accents and details.
2. Decide what you want to do with color. Will this be a predominantly warm or cool painting? Or is a neutral palette called for?
3. Paint a light first wash with some color changes in it.
4. Think about glazing. Direct glazes are developed by charging color into an area of another color.
Or, when an area dries, you can paint on top of it with a darker value.
5. Plan your darks so they will be at or near the focal point.
In this painting of a ceramicist's front yard which blooms with vibrant red poppies each June, you can see the first and second stages in which I developed the shapes, the complementary colors of red and green, and the underpainting on top of which will later be painted the midtones and darks. I try to start with a wet in wet technique so that I can choose to either keep an area soft or place hard edges on top of it. Since flowers are soft, I tried not to dot the page with hard edges, but rather flowed on the orange-red suggestions of the poppies at the beginning on the wet page.
Also, since I wanted the tree trunk to remain warm, I painted it first and then painted the whole cool background around it.
Begin with a plan. Paint with words in your head. Not "house", "tree", or "poppies", but with wet into wet, color choices, values, and shapes.
First there was packing. Then there was hauling all my stuff down to the car. Then the long drive to New Hampshire where I had hoped to get three days of painting in, but alas, it rained the entire stay. Finally I arrived in Maine, but there are always the start up chores: banking, grocery shopping, gardening, etc. Then the weather was rainy and cold. Today, the chores were done, the weather was perfect, and I headed out to do what I come here for.
What to paint my first day out? I have certain go-to locations, and this time I chose the end of the pier at Sample's Shipyard. I must have painted this two dozen times, but it's nearly a ready made composition, so I don't have to struggle too much on the first outing of the season. I also have painted this boat every summer. Getting back in the routine, for me, means going back to the basics: getting the drawing right, figuring out the values, and remembering the procedures.
I'm sure that later in the summer I'll experiment again, and that will be fun, or maybe a challenge. But for now, I just needed to swing the brush again! More to follow without such a wait. Thanks for your patience.
Sorry I haven't posted in a while. I was packing up to travel east for my annual trip to Maine. Now that I'm in New Hampshire, it decided to rain non-stop for the entire three days I've been here, so plein air painting was out. I finally dug out my sketch book and went to the North Conway Railroad station and did a quick sketch with the windshield wipers going! No instruction this time....just an apology for being absent so long, and encouragement to keep your sketch book handy!
Sometimes a landscape composition will benefit from the inclusion of a figure. The fisherman in this painting anchors the scene, even though the painting is about the waterfall.
I am convinced that most men who fish secretly do it because it gives them a manly reason to be out in nature. The quiet (well, waterfalls aren't exactly quiet!), the beauty, the wildlife....all give a peaceful atmosphere in which to rest, to heal, to contemplate and to slow down. Anyone read Hemingway?
A few years ago there was an obituary in the Boothbay Harbor Register that read: "In lieu of flowers, take a young person fishing." I didn't know the deceased, but I sure wanted to.
"Morning Harbor" by Maine Artist, Carol Jessen
As artists, we sometimes seem to think that the more paint we spread on a piece of paper, the more saleable it will be. In depicting this quiet harbor scene, though, I felt that I had to convey the serenity of the scene by limiting the number of "busy" areas in the painting. This painting was all about the warmth of a quiet morning light, and the reflections in the still waters.
A big wash of mostly warm color suggested the sky and water in the scene. Cluttering up the painting with more objects would have only destroyed that calm feeling. It's not about buying a painting for the amount of paint expended in creating the work; it's about selectively leaving out anything that would destroy the mood.
"All Saints By The Sea Chapel"
by Carol Jessen, Maine Artist
Last week I gave a workshop in St. Charles, Missouri. My students were great! We had a fun time, and I hope they learned a lot, too.
One piece of advice I gave them is to work towards the dark shapes. In order to do that you have to know how to mix a really dark paint color. And that requires a lot of pigment!
So many students are not squeezing out enough paint on their palettes. You can't mix a dark with a tiny bit of paint.
A couple of years ago I visited the Wyeth Museum in Chadd's Ford, Pennsylvania. There was a special exhibit that taught me a big lesson. As I walked around looking at wondrous paintings by Andrew and Jamie Wyeth and Rockwell Kent, I began to notice that much of the drama of their work was due to the ability to create very dark shapes to set off the lights. Get a book of reproductions and study it and you'll see what I mean!
Speaking of workshops, don't forget my Maine workshop July 20th - 24th in beautiful Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Here is one of many possible spots we may paint that week. Please notice the dark shapes around the front of the church and especially the steeple.
"Tying Up" by Maine Artist, Carol Jessen
In this painting of a lobsterman tying up his dinghy, the sky area provides a foil for the hard edged shapes of boats. Creating soft edges requires speed so the transition areas are still fully wet and not just damp or else a hard edge or jagged edge will result. It also helps if you have some courage when hitting a wet area with a fully loaded brush of pigment. Remember that if the paper is fully saturated, you need not bring more water to the paper when you dash in the color in that area.
You can also wait until the paper is completely dry and then re-wet it with a light stroke before hitting it again with a darker color. The paint will spread and create a soft edge.
This takes quite a bit of practice to understand the ratio of water to paint. It's like practicing the scales. Skip at your own peril!
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